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In general, information available as of 1 January, 2004 was used in the preparation of The World Factbook. This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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| Introduction | Nicaragua | Top of Page
Background: | The Pacific Coast of Nicaragua was settled as a Spanish colony from Panama in the early 16th century. Independence from Spain was declared in 1821 and the country became an independent republic in 1838. Britain occupied the Caribbean Coast in the first half of the 19th century, but gradually ceded control of the region in subsequent decades. Violent opposition to governmental manipulation and corruption spread to all classes by 1978 and resulted in a short-lived civil war that brought the Marxist Sandinista guerrillas to power in 1979. Nicaraguan aid to leftist rebels in El Salvador caused the US to sponsor anti-Sandinista contra guerrillas through much of the 1980s. Free elections in 1990, 1996, and again in 2001 saw the Sandinistas defeated. The country has slowly rebuilt its economy during the 1990s, but was hard hit by Hurricane Mitch in 1998.
| Geography | Nicaragua | Top of Page
Location: | Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras
Geographic coordinates: | 13 00 N, 85 00 W
Map references: | Central America and the Caribbean
Area: | total: 129,494 sq km land: 120,254 sq km water: 9,240 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than the state of New York
Land boundaries: | total: 1,231 km border countries: Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km
Coastline: | 910 km
Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 200 nm continental shelf: natural prolongation
Climate: | tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
Terrain: | extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Mogoton 2,438 m
Natural resources: | gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish
Land use: | arable land: 15.94% permanent crops: 1.94% other: 82.12% (2001)
Irrigated land: | 880 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides; extremely susceptible to hurricanes
Environment - current issues: | deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Geography - note: | largest country in Central America; contains the largest freshwater body in Central America, Lago de Nicaragua
| People | Nicaragua | Top of Page
Population: | 5,359,759 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 38.1% (male 1,038,887; female 1,001,518) 15-64 years: 58.9% (male 1,570,494; female 1,586,706) 65 years and over: 3% (male 71,125; female 91,029) (2004 est.)
Median age: | total: 20.2 years male: 19.8 years female: 20.6 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate: | 1.97% (2004 est.)
Birth rate: | 25.5 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate: | 4.54 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate: | -1.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 30.15 deaths/1,000 live births male: 33.73 deaths/1,000 live births female: 26.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 70.02 years male: 67.99 years female: 72.16 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 2.89 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.2% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 6,400 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | less than 500 (2003 est.)
Nationality: | noun: Nicaraguan(s) adjective: Nicaraguan
Ethnic groups: | mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Amerindian 5%
Religions: | Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant
Languages: | Spanish (official) note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 67.5% male: 67.2% female: 67.8% (2003 est.)
| Government | Nicaragua | Top of Page
Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Nicaragua conventional short form: Nicaragua local long form: Republica de Nicaragua local short form: Nicaragua
Government type: | republic
Capital: | Managua
Administrative divisions: | 15 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 2 autonomous regions* (regiones autonomistas, singular - region autonomista); Atlantico Norte*, Atlantico Sur*, Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas
Independence: | 15 September 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday: | Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Constitution: | 9 January 1987, with reforms in 1995 and 2000
Legal system: | civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts
Suffrage: | 16 years of age; universal
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (since 10 January 2002); Vice President Jose RIZO Castellon (since 10 January 2002); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (since 10 January 2002); Vice President Jose RIZO Castellon (since 10 January 2002); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 4 November 2001 (next to be held by November 2006) election results: Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (PLC) elected president - 56.3%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 42.3%, Alberto SABORIO (PCN) 1.4%; Jose RIZO Castellon elected vice president
Legislative branch: | unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (92 seats; members are elected by proportional representation and party lists to serve five-year terms; one seat for previous President, one seat for runner-up in previous Presidential election elections: last held 4 November 2001 (next to be held by November 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - Liberal Alliance (ruling party - includes PCCN, PLC, PALI, PLIUN, and PUCA) 46.03%, FSLN 36.55%, PCN 2.12%; seats by party - Liberal Alliance 53, FSLN 38, PCN 1
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (16 judges elected for five-year terms by the National Assembly)
Political parties and leaders: | Conservative Party of Nicaragua or PCN [Mario RAPPACCIOLI]; Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Anibal MARTINEZ Nunez, Pedro REYES Vallejos]; Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path or PCCN [Guillermo OSORNO Molina]; Nicaraguan Resistance Party or PRN [Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]; Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS [leader NA]; Unity Alliance or AU [leader NA]; Liberal Constitutional Party or PLC [Jorge CASTILLO Quant]; Alliance for the Republic or APRE [Miguel LOPEZ Baldizon, Oscar WENDOLYN Vargas, Karla WHITE]; Liberal Salvation Movement or MSL [Eliseo NUNEZ Hernandez]; Christian Alternative Party or AC [Orlando TARDENCILLA Espinoza]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | National Workers Front or FNT is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions including - Farm Workers Association or ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG, Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of Nicaragua or UPN; Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT is an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including - Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS; Nicaraguan Workers' Central or CTN is an independent labor union; Superior Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP is a confederation of business groups
International organization participation: | BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Salvador STADTHAGEN (since 5 December 2003) chancery: 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 939-6570, [1] (202) 939-6573 FAX: [1] (202) 939-6545 consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Barbara Calandra MOORE embassy: Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur, Managua mailing address: APO AA 34021 telephone: [505] 266-6010 FAX: [505] 266-9074
Flag description: | three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band
| Economy | Nicaragua | Top of Page
Economy - overview: | Nicaragua, one of the hemisphere's poorest countries, faces low per capita income, massive unemployment, and huge external debt. Distribution of income is one of the most unequal on the globe. While the country has made progress toward macroeconomic stability over the past few years, GDP annual growth of 1.5% - 2.5% has been far too low to meet the country's need. Nicaragua will continue to be dependent on international aid and debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Nicaragua has undertaken significant economic reforms that are expected to help the country qualify for more than $4 billion in debt relief under HIPC in early 2004. Donors have made aid conditional on the openness of government financial operation, poverty alleviation, and human rights. A three-year poverty reduction and growth plan, agreed to with the IMF in December 2002, guides economic policy.
GDP: | purchasing power parity - $11.6 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | 2.3% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 28.9% industry: 25.4% services: 45.7% (2003 est.)
Investment (gross fixed): | 28.1% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line: | 50% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 0.7% highest 10%: 48.8% (1998)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 60.3 (1998)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 5.3% (2003 est.)
Labor force: | 1.91 million (2003)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture 42%, industry 15%, services 43% (1999 est.)
Unemployment rate: | 22% plus considerable underemployment (2003 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $672.5 million expenditures: $954.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2003 est.)
Public debt: | 125.3% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products: | coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton, rice, corn, tobacco, sesame, soya, beans; beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy products
Industries: | food processing, chemicals, machinery and metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear, wood
Industrial production growth rate: | 4.4% (2000 est.)
Electricity - production: | 2.549 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption: | 2.388 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports: | 17 million kWh (2001)
Oil - production: | 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 24,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA (2001)
Oil - imports: | NA (2001)
Current account balance: | $-859 million (2003)
Exports: | $632 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities: | coffee, shrimp and lobster, cotton, tobacco, bananas, beef, sugar, gold
Exports - partners: | US 35.9%, El Salvador 17.2%, Costa Rica 8.1%, Honduras 7.3%, Mexico 4.6%, Guatemala 4.3% (2003)
Imports: | $1.658 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities: | machinery and equipment, raw materials, petroleum products, consumer goods
Imports - partners: | US 24.9%, Venezuela 9.7%, Costa Rica 9%, Mexico 8.4%, Guatemala 7.3%, El Salvador 4.9%, Japan 4.3% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: | $502 million (2003)
Debt - external: | $5.833 billion (2003 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: | Substantial foreign support (2001)
Currency: | gold cordoba (NIO)
Currency code: | NIO
Exchange rates: | gold cordobas per US dollar - 14.2513 (2003), 14.2513 (2002), 13.3719 (2001), 12.6844 (2000), 11.8092 (1999)
Fiscal year: | calendar year
| Communications | Nicaragua | Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use: | 171,600 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 202,800 (2002)
Telephone system: | general assessment: inadequate system being upgraded by foreign investment domestic: low-capacity microwave radio relay and wire system being expanded; connected to Central American Microwave System international: country code - 505; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) and 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 63, FM 32, shortwave 1 (1998)
Television broadcast stations: | 3 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997)
Internet country code: | .ni
Internet hosts: | 7,094 (2003)
Internet users: | 90,000 (2002)
| Transportation | Nicaragua | Top of Page
Railways: | total: 6 km narrow gauge: 6 km 1.067-m gauge (2003)
Highways: | total: 19,032 km paved: 2,094 km unpaved: 16,938 km (2000)
Waterways: | 2,220 km (including lakes Managua and Nicaragua) (1997)
Pipelines: | oil 54 km (2004)
Ports and harbors: | Bluefields, Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama, San Juan del Sur
Merchant marine: | none
Airports: | 176 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 165 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 141 (2004 est.)
| Military | Nicaragua | Top of Page
Military branches: | Army (includes Navy), Navy
Military manpower - military age and obligation: | 17 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)
Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 1,399,356 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 858,022 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: | males: 61,869 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $30.8 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 1.2% (2003)
| Transnational Issues | Nicaragua | Top of Page
Disputes - international: | territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank region; the 1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute over navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica
Illicit drugs: | transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005