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| Dominican Republic |

Introduction | Dominican Republic

Background: | Explored and claimed by Columbus on his first voyage in 1492, the island of Hispaniola became a springboard for Spanish conquest of the Caribbean and the American mainland. In 1697, Spain recognized French dominion over the western third of the island, which in 1804 became Haiti. The remainder of the island, by then known as Santo Domingo, sought to gain its own independence in 1821, but was conquered and ruled by the Haitians for 22 years; it finally attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. In 1861, the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire, but two years later they launched a war that restored independence in 1865. A legacy of unsettled, mostly non-representative, rule for much of its subsequent history was brought to an end in 1966 when Joaquin BALAGUER became president. He maintained a tight grip on power for most of the next 30 years when international reaction to flawed elections forced him to curtail his term in 1996. Since then, regular competitive elections have been held in which opposition candidates have won the presidency. The Dominican economy has had one of the fastest growth rates in the hemisphere over the past decade.

Geography | Dominican Republic

Location: | Caribbean, eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Haiti
Geographic coordinates: | 19 00 N, 70 40 W
Map references: | Central America and the Caribbean
Area: | total: 48,730 sq km land: 48,380 sq km water: 350 sq km
Area - comparative: | slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire
Land boundaries: | total: 360 km border countries: Haiti 360 km
Coastline: | 1,288 km
Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 6 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate: | tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
Terrain: | rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Lago Enriquillo -46 m highest point: Pico Duarte 3,175 m
Natural resources: | nickel, bauxite, gold, silver
Land use: | arable land: 22.65% permanent crops: 10.33% other: 67.02% (2001)
Irrigated land: | 2,590 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: | lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues: | water shortages; soil eroding into the sea damages coral reefs; deforestation
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Geography - note: | shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti

People | Dominican Republic

Population: | 8,833,634 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 33.3% (male 1,502,062; female 1,435,135) 15-64 years: 61.4% (male 2,767,880; female 2,658,861) 65 years and over: 5.3% (male 219,230; female 250,466) (2004 est.)
Median age: | total: 23.7 years male: 23.5 years female: 23.9 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate: | 1.33% (2004 est.)
Birth rate: | 23.6 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate: | 7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate: | -3.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | total: 33.28 deaths/1,000 live births female: 30.68 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 35.75 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 67.63 years male: 65.98 years female: 69.35 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate: | 2.89 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 1.7% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 88,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 7,900 (2003 est.)
Nationality: | noun: Dominican(s) adjective: Dominican
Ethnic groups: | white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%
Religions: | Roman Catholic 95%
Languages: | Spanish
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 84.7% male: 84.6% female: 84.8% (2003 est.)

Government | Dominican Republic

Country name: | conventional long form: Dominican Republic conventional short form: The Dominican local long form: Republica Dominicana local short form: La Dominicana
Government type: | representative democracy
Capital: | Santo Domingo
Administrative divisions: | 31 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito); Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San Cristobal, San Jose de Ocoa, San Juan, San Pedro de Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, Santo Domingo, Valverde
Independence: | 27 February 1844 (from Haiti)
National holiday: | Independence Day, 27 February (1844)
Constitution: | 28 November 1966, amended 25 July 2002
Legal system: | based on French civil codes; undergoing modification in 2004 towards an accusatory system
Suffrage: | 18 years of age, universal and compulsory; married persons regardless of age note: members of the armed forces and national police cannot vote
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (since 16 August 2004); Vice President Rafael ALBURQUERQUE de Castro (since 16 August 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (since 16 August 2004); Vice President Rafael ALBURQUERQUE de Castro (since 16 August 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 16 May 2004 (next to be held in May 2008) election results: Leonel FERNANDEZ elected president; percent of vote - Leonel FERNANDEZ (PLD) 57.1%, Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez (PRD) 33.7%, Eduardo ESTRELLA (PRSC) 8.7%
Legislative branch: | bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate or Senado (32 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (150 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 16 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2006); Chamber of Deputies - last held 16 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2006) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRD 29, PLD 2, PRSC 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRD 73, PLD 41, PRSC 36
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are appointed by a the National Judicial Council comprised of the President, the leaders of both chambers of congress, the President of the Supreme Court, and an opposition or non-governing party member)
Political parties and leaders: | Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna]; Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Vicente Sanchez BARET]; Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Enrique ATUN]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | Collective of Popular Organizations or COP; Citizen Participation Group (Participacion Ciudadania); Foundation for Institution-Building (FINJUS)
International organization participation: | ACP, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW (signatory), PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Flavio Dario Espinal JACOBO consulate(s): Mobile consulate(s) general: Chicago, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) FAX: [1] (202) 265-8057 telephone: [1] (202) 332-6280 chancery: 1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Hans H. HERTELL embassy: corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo Domingo mailing address: Unit 5500, APO AA 34041-5500 telephone: [1] (809) 221-2171 FAX: [1] (809) 686-7437
Flag description: | a centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms featuring a shield supported by an olive branch (left) and a palm branch (right) is at the center of the cross; above the shield a blue ribbon displays the motto, DIOS, PATRIA, LIBERTAD (God, Fatherland, Liberty), and below the shield, REPUBLICA DOMINICANA appears on a red ribbon

Economy | Dominican Republic

Economy - overview: | The Dominican Republic is a Caribbean representative democracy which enjoyed GDP growth of more than 7% in 1998-2000. Growth subsequently plummeted as part of the global economic slowdown. Although the country has long been viewed primarily as an exporter of sugar, coffee, and tobacco, in recent years the service sector has overtaken agriculture as the economy's largest employer, due to growth in tourism and free trade zones. The country suffers from marked income inequality; the poorest half of the population receives less than one-fifth of GNP, while the richest 10% enjoys nearly 40% of national income. Growth turned negative in 2003 with reduced tourism, a major bank fraud, and limited growth in the US economy, the source of 87% of export revenues. Resumption of a badly needed IMF loan was slowed due to government repurchase of electrical power plants.
GDP: | purchasing power parity - $52.71 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | -0.7% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $6,000 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 10.7% industry: 31.5% services: 57.8% (2003)
Investment (gross fixed): | 19.9% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line: | 25%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 37.9% (1998)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 47.4 (1998)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 27.5% (2003 est.)
Labor force: | 2.3 million - 2.6 million (2000 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture 17%, industry 24.3%, services and government 58.7% (1998 est.)
Unemployment rate: | 16.5% (2003 est.)
Budget: | revenues: $2.601 billion expenditures: $3.353 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.1 billion (2003 est.)
Public debt: | 59.4% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products: | sugarcane, coffee, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; cattle, pigs, dairy products, beef, eggs
Industries: | tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement, tobacco
Industrial production growth rate: | 2% (2001 est.)
Electricity - production: | 9.186 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption: | 8.543 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production: | 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption: | 129,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports: | NA (2001)
Oil - imports: | NA (2001)
Current account balance: | $867 million (2003)
Exports: | $5.524 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities: | ferronickel, sugar, gold, silver, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, meats, consumer goods
Exports - partners: | US 83.8%, Canada 1.5%, Haiti 1.5% (2003)
Imports: | $7.911 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities: | foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals
Imports - partners: | US 52.1%, Venezuela 11.9%, Mexico 4.7%, Colombia 4.2% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: | $261 million (2003)
Debt - external: | $6.567 billion (2003 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: | $239.6 million (1995)
Currency: | Dominican peso (DOP)
Currency code: | DOP
Exchange rates: | Dominican pesos per US dollar - 30.8307 (2003), 18.6098 (2002), 16.9516 (2001), 16.415 (2000), 16.0331 (1999)
Fiscal year: | calendar year

Communications | Dominican Republic

Telephones - main lines in use: | 901,800 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 2,120,400 (2003)
Telephone system: | general assessment: NA domestic: relatively efficient system based on island-wide microwave radio relay network international: country code - 1-809; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 120, FM 56, shortwave 4 (1998)
Radios: | 1.44 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: | 25 (2003)
Televisions: | 770,000 (1997)
Internet country code: | .do
Internet hosts: | 64,197 (2003)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 24 (2000)
Internet users: | 500,000 (2003)

Transportation | Dominican Republic

Railways: | total: 1,743 km standard gauge: 375 km 1.435-m gauge note: additional 1,226 km operated by sugar companies in 1.076-m, 0.889-m, and 0.762-m gauges (2003) narrow gauge: 142 km 0.762-m gauge
Highways: | total: 12,600 km paved: 6,224 km unpaved: 6,376 km (1999)
Ports and harbors: | Barahona, La Romana, Manzanillo, Puerto Plata, San Pedro de Macoris, Santo Domingo
Merchant marine: | total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 11,230 GRT/17,011 DWT by type: cargo 1, petroleum tanker 2 registered in other countries: 1 (2004 est.) foreign-owned: Pakistan 1, Singapore 1
Airports: | 31 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 13 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 18 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Military | Dominican Republic

Military branches: | Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower - military age and obligation: | 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)
Military manpower - availability: | males age 15-49: 2,354,800 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: | males age 15-49: 1,474,978 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: | males: 90,434 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $180 million (1998)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 1.1% (1998)

Transnational Issues | Dominican Republic

Disputes - international: | despite efforts to control illegal migration, destitute Haitians fleeing poverty and violence continue to cross into the Dominican Republic; illegal migration of Dominicans and other nationals across the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico has increased in the last year
Illicit drugs: | transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point for ecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor the Dominican Republic for illicit financial transactions

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005